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As a result, 3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC or metaphedrone) has become a popular recreational drug worldwide after the mephedrone ban.

Experts recently deemed it linked to intoxications and deaths.

Moreover, this study aimed at assessing the hepatotoxicity of 3-MMC.

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We isolated Wistar rat hepatocytes by collagenase perfusion for this purpose.

Researchers cultured the hepatocytes and exposed them for 24 h, ranging from 31 nM to 10 mM 3-MMC.

Researchers evaluated the modulatory effects of cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitors on 3-MMC hepatotoxicity.

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3-MMC toxicity occurred at lysosomes at lower concentrations (NOEC 312.5 µM).

In contrast, mitochondria had NOEC 379.5 µM and the cytoplasmic membrane 1.04 mM.

Inhibition of CYP2D6 diminished 3-MMC cytotoxicity. For CYP2E1, this effect occurred only up to 1.3 mM.

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Starting at 10 μM 3-MMC, intracellular reactive species increase in a concentration-dependent manner, with antioxidant glutathione defences decreasing. At 10 μM, the compound elevated caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activities significantly, corroborating the activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways.  we can also offer pure 3-MMC Near me, affordable Online 3-MMC Australia

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Nuclear morphology and formation of cytoplasmic acidic vacuoles suggest prevalence of necrosis and autophagy at concentrations higher than 10 μM. No significant alterations were observed in the mitochondrial membrane potential, but intracellular ATP significantly decreased at 100 μM.

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Our data point to a role of metabolism in the hepatotoxicity of 3-MMC, which seems to be triggered both by autophagic and apoptotic/necrotic mechanisms. This work is the first approach to better understand 3-MMC toxicology.